Automotive industry

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. The automotive industry is one of the most important economic sectors by revenue.

The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.

1 Worldwide Trends
2 History
3 Crisis in the automotive industry
4 World motor vehicle production
5 Company relationships
6 Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)
- 6.1 Notes
7 Minor automotive manufacturers
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

Worldwide Trends

In 2007, worldwide production reached a peak at a total of 73.3 million new motorvehicles produced worldwide.^[1] In 2009, worldwide motorvehicle production dropped 13.5 percent to 61 million. Sales in the U.S. dropped 21.2 percent to 10.4 million units, sales in the European Union (supported by scrapping incentives in many markets) dropped 1.3 percent to 14.1 million units. China became the world's largest motorvehicles market, both by sales as by production. Sales in China rose 45 percent in 2009 to 13.6 million units.^[2] In recent years, private Chinese manufacturers emerge.

About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.^[3] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.^[4]^[5] ^[6] The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.

History

The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 - from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.

Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;.^[7]^:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.^[7]^:p.26

Crisis in the automotive industry

World motor vehicle production

By Year

Global Production of Motorvehicles

(cars and commercial vehicles)

Year	Production	Change	Source
1997	52,987,000		^[8]
1998	57,987,000	-2.70%	^[8]
1999	56,258,892	2.98%	^[9]
2000	58,374,162	3.80%	^[10]
2001	56,304,925	-3.50%	^[11]
2002	58,994,318	4.80%	^[12]
2003	60,663,225	2.80%	^[13]
2004	64,496,220	6.30%	^[14]
2005	66,482,439	3.10%	^[15]
2006	69,222,975	4.10%	^[16]
2007	73,266,061	5.80%	^[17]
2008	70,520,493	-3.70%	^[18]
2009	60,986,985	-13.50%	^[19]

By Country


Motor vehicle production (units)
Country	1,000,000	2,000,000	3,000,000	4,000,000	5,000,000	6,000,000	7,000,000	8,000,000	9,000,000	10,000,000	11,000,000	12,000,000	13,000,000	14,000,000
China	13,790,994
Japan	7,934,516
United States	5,711,823
Germany	5,209,857
South Korea	3,512,916
Brazil	3,182,617
India	2,632,694
Spain	2,170,078
France	2,049,762
Mexico	1,557,290
Canada	1,489,651
Iran	1,395,421
UK	1,090,139
Czech Rep.	974,569
Thailand	968,305
Poland	879,186
Turkey	869,605
Italy	843,239
Russia	722,431
Belgium	522,810
Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/. Retrieved 2010-04-26.

By Manufacturer


Total motor vehicle production
Group	1,000,000								2,000,000			3,000,000					4,000,000	5,000,000			6,000,000	7,000,000			8,000,000			9,000,000	10,000,000
Key	Cars														Light Commercial Vehicles						Heavy Commercial Vehicles						Heavy Buses
Toyota																										7,234,439
GM																								6,459,053
Volkswagen																							6,067,208
Ford																				4,685,394
Hyundai Kia																			4,645,776
PSA																	3,042,311
Honda																	3,012,637
Nissan																2,744,562
Fiat														2,460,222
Suzuki														2,387,537
Renault													2,296,009
Daimler AG											1,447,953
Chana Automobile											1,425,777
BMW										1,258,417
Mazda									984,520
Chrysler									959,070
Mitsubishi								802,463
Beijing Automotive							684,534
Tata							672,045
Dongfeng Motor							663,262
FAW							650,275
Chery						508,567
Fuji						491,352
BYD					427,732
SAIC				347,598
Anhui Jianghuai				336,979
Geely				330,275
Isuzu				316,335
Brilliance				314,189
AvtoVAZ				294,737
Great Wall			226,560
Mahindra			223,065
Shangdong Kaima			169,023
Proton			152,965
China National		120,930
Volvo		105,873
Chongqing Lifan		104,434
Fujian Motor Industry Group		103,171
Kuozui		93,303
Shannxi Auto		79,026
Porsche		75,637
Ziyang Nanjun		72,470
GAZ		69,591
Navistar		65,364
Guangzhou Auto		62,990
Paccar		58,918
Chenzhou Ji'ao		51,008
Qingling Motor		50,120
Hebei Zhongxing		48,173
Ashok Leyland		47,694
Key	Cars														Light Commercial Vehicles						Heavy Commercial Vehicles						Heavy Buses
Total: 60,499,159	Cars: 51,075,480														LCV: 7,817,520						HCV: 1,305,755						Heavy Bus: 300,404
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers 2009". OICA. July 2010. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2009.pdf.

Company relationships

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Motors alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40% stake in McLaren Group. This process will be finalized in 2011.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies in China, including: Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, Nissan Diesel, and PSA Peugeot Citroen.
Fiat holds a 85% stake in Ferrari and a 20% stake in Chrysler, that can be increased to 35%; with the option of increasing its stake further.
Ford Motor Company holds a 13.4% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 38.67% stake in Kia Motors, down from the 51% that it acquired in 1998.
Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa. The company was established in 2003.^[20]
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group. Due to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring Porsche.
Renault-Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
Volkswagen Group and FAW have a joint venture.
Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive.
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN SE.
Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG. Volkswagen is in the process of acquiring Porsche, which will be completed in mid-2011.
Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.

Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2009 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)^[21] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.^[22]^[23]

Marque	Ownership	Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu	Subsidiary	Global, except North America and Australia
Hino	Subsidiary	Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus	Division	Global
Scion	Division	North America
Toyota	Division	Global
2. General Motors Company ( United States)
Buick	Division	North America, Middle East, East Asia
Cadillac	Division	Global, except South America, South Asia, South East Asia, Pacific
Chevrolet	Division	Global, except Australia, New Zealand, South Korea
Daewoo	Subsidiary	South Korea
GMC	Division	North America, Middle East
Holden	Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand, Japan
Opel	Subsidiary	Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Asia
Vauxhall	Subsidiary	United Kingdom
3. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany)
Audi	Subsidiary	Global
Bentley	Subsidiary	Global
Bugatti	Subsidiary	Global
Lamborghini	Subsidiary	Global
Scania	Subsidiary	Global
SEAT	Subsidiary	Europe, South America, North Africa, Middle East
Škoda	Subsidiary	Global, except North America and South Africa
Volkswagen	Subsidiary	Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles	Subsidiary	Global
4. Ford Motor Company ( United States)
Ford	Division	Global
Lincoln	Division	North America, Middle East, South Korea, Japan
Mercury**	Division	North America, Middle East
Troller	Subsidiary	South America and Africa
5. Hyundai Motor Company ( South Korea)
Hyundai	Division	Global
Kia	Division	Global
6. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France)
Citroën	Subsidiary	Global, except North America, South Asia
Peugeot	Subsidiary	Global, except North America, South Asia
7. Honda Motor Company ( Japan)
Acura	Division	North America, East Asia, Russia
Honda	Division	Global
8. Nissan Motor Company ( Japan)
Infiniti	Division	Global, except South America and Africa
Nissan	Division	Global
9. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy)
Abarth	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Alfa Romeo	Subsidiary	Global
Ferrari	Subsidiary	Global
Fiat	Subsidiary	Global
Fiat Professional	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Irisbus	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Iveco	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Lancia	Subsidiary	Europe
Maserati	Subsidiary	Global
10. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Maruti Suzuki	Subsidiary	India, Middle East, South America
Suzuki	Division	Global
11. Renault S.A. ( France)
Dacia	Subsidiary	Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa
Renault (cars)	Division	Global, except North America, South Asia
Renault Samsung	Subsidiary	Asia, South America
12. Daimler AG ( Germany)
Freightliner	Subsidiary	North America, South Africa
Master	Subsidiary	Pakistan
Maybach	Division	Global
Mercedes-Benz	Division	Global
Mitsubishi Fuso	Subsidiary	Global
Orion	Subsidiary	North America
Setra	Subsidiary	Europe
Smart	Division	North America, Europe, South East Asia, South Africa
Thomas Built	Subsidiary	North America
Western Star	Subsidiary	North America
13. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chana	Division	China, South Africa
Hafei	Subsidiary	China
14. BMW AG ( Germany)
BMW	Division	Global
MINI	Division	Global
Rolls-Royce	Subsidiary	Global
15. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Mazda	Division	Global
16. Chrysler Group, LLC ( United States)
Chrysler	Division	Global
Dodge	Division	Global
GEM	Division	North America
Jeep	Division	Global
Ram	Division	North America
17. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan)
Mitsubishi	Division	Global
18. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
BAW	Division	China
Foton	Subsidiary	China
19. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India)
Hispano	Subsidiary	Europe
Jaguar	Subsidiary	Global
Land Rover	Subsidiary	Global
Tata	Division	India, South Africa
Tata Daewoo	Subsidiary	South Korea
20. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Dongfeng	Division	China
21. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
Besturn	Division	China
Freewind	Subsidiary	China
Haima	Subsidiary	China
Hongqi	Division	China
Jiaxing	Subsidiary	China
Vita	Subsidiary	China
Xiali	Subsidiary	China
22. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Chery	Division	China, Africa, South East Asia, Russia
Riich	Division	China
Rely	Division	China
23. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan)
Subaru	Division	Global
24. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China)
BYD	Division	China, Russia
25. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( People's Republic of China)
MG	Subsidiary	United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina
SsangYong***	Subsidiary	South Korea
Roewe	Division	China
Soyat	Division	China
Yuejin	Division	China
26. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
JAC	Division	China
27. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China)
Geely	Division	China, Russia, North Africa
Maple	Division	China
Volvo (Cars)	Subsidiary	Global
28. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan)
Isuzu	Division	Global, except North America
29. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Brilliance	Division	China, North Africa
Jinbei	Subsidiary	China
30. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia)
Lada	Division	Russia, Europe, North Africa
VAZ	Division	Russia, Europe
31. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Great Wall	Division	China, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia
32. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India)
Mahindra	Division	India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America
33. Shandong Kaima ( China)
Kaima	Division	China
Jubao	Division	China
Aofeng	Division	China
34. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia)
Proton	Division	Asia Pacific, South Africa, United Kingdom, Middle East
Lotus	Subsidiary	Global
35. China National Heavy Duty Truck Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Sinotruk	Division	China
36. AB Volvo ( Sweden)
Mack	Subsidiary	Global
Nissan Diesel	Subsidiary	Global
NovaBus	Subsidiary	North America
Prevost	Subsidiary	North America
Renault (trucks)	Subsidiary	Global
Volvo (trucks)	Division	Global
37. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Lifan	Division	China
38. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company ( People's Republic of China)
Soueast	Division	China
39. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan)
Kuozui	Subsidiary	Taiwan
40. Shaanxi Automobile Group Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China)
Shaanxi	Division	China
41. Porsche ( Germany)
Porsche	Subsidiary	Global
42. Ziyang Nanjun Automobile Co., Ltd. ( People's Republic of China)
Nanjun	Division	China
43. GAZ Group ( Russia)
GAZ	Subsidiary	Russia
KAvz	Subsidiary	Russia
LiAZ	Subsidiary	Russia
Ural	Division	Russia
44. Navistar International Corporation ( United States)
IC	Subsidiary	North America
International	Division	North America, South Asia
45. Guangzhou Automobile Group ( China)
Changfeng	Division	China
46. Paccar, Inc ( United States)
DAF	Subsidiary	Global, except North America
Kenworth	Division	North America
Leyland	Subsidiary	Europe
Peterbilt	Division	North America
47. Chenzhou Ji'ao ( China)
Ji'ao	Division	China
48. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China)
Qingling	Division	China
49. Hebei ZXAUTO ( China)
Zhongxing	Division	China
50. Ashok Leyland ( India)
Ashok Leyland	Division	India

Notes

* Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.7 percent share in the Volkswagen Group.^[24] However, Volkswagen Group will acquire Porsche AG, the automotive manufacturer under a new "Integrated Automotive Group". This merger/acquisition is expected to be fully completed in mid-2011.^[25]^[26]

** Ford Motor Company has announced that the production of Mercury Automobiles will cease in 2010.^[27]

*** Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation is in the process of selling SsangYong Motor Company to Mahindra & Mahindra.

Minor automotive manufacturers

There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets.

References

↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/
↑ http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/car-sales-around-the-world-in-2009-mostly-down/
↑ Plunkett Research, "Automobile Industry Introduction" (2008)
↑ Kenworthy, J R (2004). "Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Emissions in Urban Passenger Transport Systems" (PDF). Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy. http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/Transport_Greenhouse.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
↑ World Health Organisation, Europe. "Health effects of transport". http://www.euro.who.int/transport/hia/20021009_2. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
↑ Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Prime Minister (UK). "Making the Connections - final report on transport and social exclusion" (PDF). http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carplus.org.uk%2FResources%2Fpdf%2FMaking_the_Connections_Final_Report_on_Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf&ei=SzLBSbDFKYHaMbvwgK0N&usg=AFQjCNFCbKeT7rQ0zt7aOL5K-1OTXBm9EA&sig2=o-ASe9xe84uOEJTQt-DxuQ. Retrieved 2003-02-01.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Georgano, G. N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/cl98type.pdf
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2000-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2001-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2002-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2003-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2004-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2005-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2006-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2007-statistics/
↑ http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/2008-statistics/
↑ http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/
↑ http://previous.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=114593&sectionid=351020102
↑ "World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers 2009" (PDF). OICA. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2009.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
↑ "GM Slips to Number Two Worldwide, Ford to Fourth". The Truth About Cars. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/gm-slips-to-number-two-worldwide-ford-to-fourth/. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
↑ "TTAC Announces Worldâ€™s Top Ten Automakers". The Truth About Cars. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/ttac-announces-world%E2%80%99s-top-ten-automakers/. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
↑ "Volkswagen Group - Shareholder Structure". Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. VolkswagenAG.com. http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/content/en/investor_relations/share/Shareholder_Structure.html. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
↑ Porsche Automobil Holding SE, Stuttgart (20 November 2009). "Porsche Supervisory Board agrees on the contracts of implementation". Press release. http://www.porsche-se.com/pho/en/news/?pool=pho&id=2009-11-20. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
↑ Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (13 August 2009). "Volkswagen Supervisory Board approves Comprehensive Agreement for an Integrated Automotive Group with Porsche". Press release. http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2009/08/Volkswagen_Aufsichtsrat_stimmt_Grundlagenvereinbarung_fuer.html. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
↑ "Mercury production to end this year - The Boston Globe". Boston.com. 2010-06-03. http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/06/03/mercury_production_to_end_this_year/. Retrieved 2010-06-12.

Pioneer Auto Compaines 1897-1904; N.Y.S.

Amsterdam NY: Tillerwilliger Steamer
Buffalo; Thomas 1902 Runabout
Elmira, Steam Car 1902
IlLion NY; 1900 Remington Runabout
Fort Plain NY; Spring and Axel. 1897, 1902, 1903 Dr. Runabouts
Utica NY: 1903 Buckmobile

External links

Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
Doumental Detroit Industry Automotive
Automotive engineering learning website
Plunkett Research, "Automobile Industry Introduction" (2008)
Automotive Industry Analysis
All vehicle manufacturers in the world (in Dutch with English etc. translation)
Car makes of the world, 1894—present
Automotive history and photos
Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies
GFC - Motor Industry Repurcussions - Carsguide - Chrysler to file for bankruptcy
GFC - Motor Industry Repercussions - Carsguide - GM kills Pontiac
List of car trims (car sub models) 1989 - present